Many countries in the world have histories that go back thousands of years – but only one can claim the title of the oldest continuously existing nation.

       While some might expect that to be Egypt or Greece, the country in question is a tiny landlocked republic with a population of fewer than 36,000.

       That country is San Marino. Tucked within central Italy, it is the world’s oldest republic and dates back to 301 AD.

       It was founded by Saint Marinus, a Christian stonemason from modern-day Croatia, who sought refuge on Mount Titano to escape religious persecution.

       Over time, a small community formed and it eventually became an independent state that has survived for more than 1,700 years.

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       Despite its small size of just 24 square miles, San Marino has managed to maintain its sovereignty thanks to smart diplomacy and its unique location.

       Surrounded entirely by Italy, the country has never been absorbed into its larger neighbour. Over the centuries, it has resisted foreign control, including during the Napoleonic Wars and the unification of Italy in the 19th century.

       San Marino's government operates as a parliamentary democracy, but it retains some unique political traditions.

       It has two heads of state, known as Captains Regent, who serve six-month terms – a system that dates back to the Middle Ages. This approach to leadership has allowed the country to maintain stability despite its size.

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       While San Marino is not a member of the European Union, it has strong ties to Italy and uses the euro as its currency. Its economy relies on tourism, finance, and manufacturing, with visitors drawn to its medieval architecture and stunning mountain views.

       The historic centre of the capital, also named San Marino, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, featuring well-preserved fortresses and narrow streets.

       It will therefore come as no surprise that tourism is a major industry, with many visitors taking day trips from nearby Italian cities like Rimini and Bologna.

       Key attractions include the three towers of San Marino, built on the peaks of Mount Titano, and the Palazzo Pubblico, the seat of government.

       The country also has a number of museums, including one dedicated to its long history of coin minting and postage stamps, which are very popular with collectors.

       San Marino is also known for its neutrality. Like Switzerland, it has avoided major conflicts, even managing to stay out of both world wars.

       During World War 2, it briefly found itself caught up in the fighting, but it largely remained a place of refuge. The country is still committed to peace and diplomacy, rarely involving itself in international disputes.

       The population of San Marino in 2024 was estimated to be around 35,436.