Mr Barnier appeared at Chatham House this afternoon to discuss the future of Europe post-Brexit. And he took the chance to emphasise the means by which the Protocol was agreed, telling host Robin Niblett: "In fact we negotiated two treaties. "We succeeded with Boris Johnson, not against him, to find a solution to put in a level of certainties where Brexit creates uncertainty. "This protocol has been negotiated line by line, word by word by the Prme Minister of the UK. There is no surprise."

       Drawing on the diary he kept during the 1600 days of negotiations, Barnier will explore the practical and political implications of post-Brexit Europe.

       Barnier, who is running as a candidate for the French presidency, will explore issues such as key turning points in the negotiations and UK-EU cooperation on transatlantic issues.

       He will also discuss to what extent UK negotiating positions were shaped by politics within the Conservative government.

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