When a family of wild beavers were first spotted on a river in Devon, they immediately captured the hearts of people in the surrounding towns and villages. Nestled among the quiet bends of the River Otter, the family were filmed grooming each other and playing together, confirming months of rumours about the sleek brown creatures and their fabled return to England after 400 years.
Six years on from this discovery, there are around twenty separate family groups all co-existing on the river. It is hoped that the engineering animals will soon become a common sighting in England’s waterways, with the government opening a consultation this week into their reintroduction.
Under the government’s plans, the native animals will be given legal protection in England, making it an offence to deliberately capture or kill them, or to damage their breeding sites and resting places.
Wildlife lovers will also be able to apply for licences to release beavers into the wild, as long as they have a management plan in place.
However, concerns about the impact on farming and fish - and their controversial reintroduction in Scotland - have made some parties worried about what could happen if beavers are once again given free reign of the country’s rivers.
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“Beavers in the right place can do great things, but beavers in the wrong place can cause quite significant issues,” explained John Varley, director at Clinton Devon Estates.
Beavers are a “keystone” species, which means that their presence benefits nature in the areas they live. The semiaquatic mammals modify the environment around them, support other animals, and reduce the risk of floods.
(Jo Hackman Photography)
However, their tenacity for building can mean that they get in the way of farmers - particularly when they block drainage ditches designed to carry away run-off water from the fields.
When beavers were first spotted on the River Otter in his estate, “all hell broke loose”, Mr Varley said. There was a huge amount of public interest in the animal family but the government’s initial view was that they should be removed.
Sensing an emerging “public relations disaster”, Mr Varley and the Devon Wildlife Trust secured permission from Defra to carry out the only English trial. “We started off with a couple of beavers,” Mr Varley said. “Then we went up to five and now we have about 50.”
Speaking about the estate’s home farm, he said: “We have a pair of beavers who, as I speak to you now, are flooding drainage ditches in a field.” Trained estate workers now spend most of their time in these fields removing branches, twigs and debris that the beavers have picked up to block the ditches.
“If you remove a small blockage in a drainage ditch, they’ll just come and put it back again,” Mr Varley said. “You’ve got to do it for about a week and a half and then they realise ‘we can’t build it here, it falls down’ and they build it somewhere else.”
But this is only a small issue compared to the impact of the beavers on the estate’s forestry. About two years ago a female beaver travelled from her home on the River Otter, across an aqueduct and over two fields, and started converting a damp poplar tree plantation into a wetland.
“It’s been unbelievable,” Mr Varley said. “This lady beaver arrived four kilometres outside the trial and transformed the land around the forestry yard into a wetland. In a period of five weeks she built a 5-ft dam, which is about 6-ft wide.
“She included in her building material four full-sized house bricks, which she moved over thirty feet to get there.
“About six weeks after she turned up, Mr Beaver showed up. A classic scenario isn’t it. Let the wife finish off all the work and then the husband turns up and goes ‘well done Dear. I’ll move in with you.”
The beaver couple have been there for three years and have had about seven kits. The transformed habitat is helping to reduce the flooding in the village of East Budleigh, which sits downstream from the new dam. But it has also caused flooding in neighbouring farms.
(Steve Pease (for Clinton Devon Estates))
The impact of the animals on agriculture has caused big problems in Scotland, where there are now over 1,000 wild beavers. The topic is so controversial that farmers have had their farms targeted after speaking about the impact of the beavers’ reintroduction on their land.
Anglers are worried that if the English reintroduction of beavers is not managed well, it could have a knock-on effect for fish. “Salmon populations are in a critical condition,” said Mark Owen, national beaver lead for the Angling Trust. “They are so low that I don’t think we will see salmon in English rivers by the end of my lifetime. Anything that impacts the ability for salmon to get up rivers and into spawning grounds is a huge concern.”
Beavers have the potential to block rivers and stop fish migrating. Speaking about the government’s reintroduction plan, Mr Owen said: “If we do find a problem, we want to have the right tools to make sure that we can protect these key populations.”
Mark Elliott, who led the trial in Devon, explained that the last six years have been a lesson in “trying to manage the conflicts between people and beavers”. “We wanted to explore how you can get beavers back into a landscape without causing too many problems and we’ve shown that that can work,” he said.
His team have developed ways of reducing the water levels and frequently take out beaver dams if needed. They also use a tool called a ‘beaver deceiver’, which is a pipe system that can be put through the dam.
“From a wildlife point of view, the wetlands they create are invaluable. We are in the midst of an ecological emergency and they are a really good tool for creating lost habitats,” he added.
The government consultation is open till November 17 and environment secretary George Eustice has said his department would take a “cautious approach” to the beavers’ return.
The consultation into the reintroduction of beavers to English rivers is launched, with Natural England chair Tony Juniper, John Varley of Clinton Devon Estates
(Guy Newman (on behalf of Clinton Devon Estates))
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Land manager John Varley added: “I think humanity can live alongside beavers if the right management protocols are in place. This consultation is really important because the beaver is the first animal reintroduction that the government will be licensing.
“People are already talking about the wildcat and the lynx. If we can get this policy right then that will really give people confidence for the future.”