Positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS): see Watson et al., Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales, 1988 Harrington, The Frustration Discomfort Scale: development and psychometric properties, 2005 State–trait anger expression inventory (STAXI): see Spielberger and Reheiser, The nature and measurement of anger, in Potegal et al., eds., International Handbook of Anger, 2010 Measures of anger, aggression, and violence: see, e.g., Ronan et al., Practitioner's Guide to Empirically Supported Measures of Anger, Aggression, and Violence, 2014 Emotional stability scale: see Chaturvedi and Chander, Development of emotional stability scale, 2010, and Williams et al., Evaluation of a Multi-Faceted, U.S. Community-Based, Muslim-Led CVE Program, 2016 Revised religious fundamentalism scale (which can be used in conjunction with measuring other ‘Initial states’ attributes): see Altemeyer and Hunsberger, A Revised Religious Fundamentalism Scale: The Short and Sweet of It, 2009

       Social network analysis: see, e.g., Scott, Social Network Analysis, 2013 Social isolation measures: see, e.g., Zavaleta et al, Measures of Social Isolation, 2017 Integrative complexity: see, e.g., Savage et al., Preventing Violent Extremism in Kenya through Value Complexity: Assessment of Being Kenyan Being Muslim, 2014 The BRAVE-14 Standardised Measure for Youth Resilience to Violent Extremism: see Grossman and Ungar, Understanding Youth Resilience to Violent Extremism: A Standardised Research Measure [PDF], 2017

       Jessor and Jessor, Problem behavior and psychosocial development, 1977. Violent extremist risk assessment (VERA): see, e.g., Pressman, Risk Assessment of Radicalization to Violence: Applications of VERA-2 in Prisons [PDF], 2016

       Sympathy for violent radicalisation and terrorism (SyfoR) scale: see Bhui et al., Is Violent Radicalisation Associated with Poverty, Migration, Poor Self-Reported Health and Common Mental Disorders? 2014 Major experiences of discrimination scale or the everyday scale: see Williams et al., Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health: Socio-economic Status, Stress and Discrimination, 1997

       Consulting a variety of social surveys and data Grievance, activism, and radicalism scale: see McCauley, Predictors of Activism and Radicalism: past activism, past radicalism and grievance against the government, 2007, in Williams et al., Evaluation of a Multi-Faceted, U.S. Community-Based, Muslim-Led CVE Program, 2016 Rosenberg’s set of questions on trust in people: see Misanthropy and Political Ideology, 1956 Trust in police scale: see Williams et al., Evaluation of a Multi-Faceted, U.S. Community-Based, Muslim-Led CVE Program, 2016

       Measures of attachment: see Stein, Terror, Love and Brainwashing Attachment in Cults and Totalitarian Systems, 2017 Normative belief measures: see Amjad and Wood, Identifying and changing the normative beliefs about aggression which lead young Muslim adults to join extremist anti‐Semitic groups in Pakistan, 2009 Self-esteem and empathy measures: see, e.g., Feddes et al., Increasing self‐esteem and empathy to prevent violent radicalization: a longitudinal quantitative evaluation of a resilience training focused on adolescents with a dual identity, 2015, and Rosenberg, Society and the Adolescent Self-Image, 1965 Integrative complexity: see, e.g., Savage et al., Preventing Violent Extremism in Kenya through Value Complexity: Assessment of Being Kenyan Being Muslim, 2014 Brief resilience coping scale: see, e.g., Sinclair and Wallston, The Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale, 2004

       Hansard Society, Audit of Political Engagement Questionnaires, surveys and focus groups are all effective ways to understand these levels of activity and what drives them Ipsos MORI, Veracity Index [PDF], 2015

       Spacial patterning and analysing data from narrative inquiry: see, e.g., Clandinin and Connelly, Narrative Inquiry: Experience and Story in Qualitative Research, 2004

       Analysing instances of accessing, viewing and engaging using institution-specific tracking tools

       Lexical/textual analysis tools Social network analysis tools: see, e.g., Scott, Social Network Analysis, 2013

       Established instances of recruitment and mobilisation. The numbers of such instances would then be compared.

       Contextualised approach to ascertaining the type of crimes of relevance: see, e.g., Andre and Harris-Hogan, Mohamed Merah: From Petty Criminal to Neojihadist, 2013 Indicators of criminal behaviour from other fields, such as gang literature: see Davies et al., Exploring the transferability and applicability of gang evaluation methodologies to counter-violent radicalisation, 2017

       No specific measure, but consider the number of relevant instances, which can be ascertained using tools such as interviews, social media analysis, or social network analysis.

       Violent extremist risk assessment (VERA): see Pressman, Risk Assessment of Radicalization to Violence: Applications of VERA-2 in Prisons [PDF], 2016