Research Questions How is the game-theoretic methodology applied? What are the best ways to determine the OSC and DSC systems each side might develop and employ? What are the best ways to determine the most likely ways "Red" (i.e., an adversary) would attempt to attack selected "Blue" (i.e., the United States) space capabilities? What are the best ways to assess which Blue DSC options would be most effective in defending against these attacks? What are the best ways to analyze whether Red would have viable options for countering Blue's defenses?

       U.S. space capabilities are at risk. Potential adversaries are well aware that U.S. transformational warfighting capabilities are increasingly reliant on support from space systems. As a result, they may be developing offensive space control (OSC) weapons to hold U.S. space systems at risk in crisis or attack them in war. Consistent with the inherent right of self-defense, the United States has stated it will defend its space systems.

       The objective of the research in this report is to help the Air Force assess the deterrent value of alternative defensive space control (DSC) options. Specifically, we sought to develop a methodology to identify those DSC options that would likely contribute to deterrence and those DSC options that would likely generate escalation dynamics or political costs that could further imperil U.S. interests.

       This report should be of interest to U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) personnel developing capabilities, plans, and options to deter, defend against, and, if necessary, defeat efforts to interfere with or attack U.S. or allied space systems. It should also be of interest to other U.S. government personnel responsible for developing and implementing national and DoD space policies and strategies.

       Key Findings The game-theoretic methodology provides a broad framework for assessing the potential effects of alternative offensive space control (OSC) and defensive space control (DSC) systems. There are four types of analysis in which the game-theoretic methodology can be applied through a variety of space deterrence and escalation management-related questions. In the first type, analysts apply the process in a dynamic strategic assessment to identify what OSC and DSC options would likely be most attractive to belligerents on each side of a confrontation, thereby anticipating potential paths of conflict and escalation in space. The second type consists of a threat-driven assessment in which analysts evaluate a particular OSC option to determine the most effective DSC counters within acceptable levels of escalation risk and political cost. The third type consists of a technology-driven assessment of particular DSC options that U.S. leaders might be contemplating to evaluate their merits and determine whether opponents might be able to easily counter those defenses. Finally, the analytical process can also be used in reverse to do a Blue OSC assessment to identify the most effective, least escalatory, and least politically costly ways to attack enemy space capabilities. Each type of analysis would result in one of several outcomes: the emergence of a dominant strategy for one side or the other; a saddle point in which one side or the other would have effective OSC or DSC options at its disposal, but with very high escalation risks, political costs, or both; or an indeterminate draw for both sides.

       Recommendations Support for Program Development Decisions Make the Defense Space Analysis Tool (DSPAT) available to selected system program offices and agencies involved in national security space system research and development, and encourage them to learn and apply the game-theoretic methodology. Insist upon thorough, method-based analysis in briefings and papers advocating the development of any OSC or DSC system. Support for Operational Training and Tactical Decisionmaking Make the DSPAT available to the Joint Space Operations Center (JSpOC) and selected Air Force space operations centers. Incorporate use of the game-theoretic methodology in the JSpOC Mission System (JMS) and other operational decisionmaking tools and procedures there and at Air Force space operations centers. Develop a comprehensive Master Game Table (MGT) and incorporate information from it in training programs at Air Force space operations units and centers, and train crew commanders on the employment of method-based analysis. Support for Space Play in War Games Make the game-theoretic methodology and supporting tools available to Air Force, Joint, and OSD war game developers. Encourage war game developers and controllers to make the DSPAT available to players. Use the game-theoretic methodology and supporting tools to support space event adjudication in major war games. Support for Strategic Planning and Policymaking Make the game-theoretic methodology and supporting tools available to Air Force and Joint planners, space policymakers in OSD, and other space-related planning and policymaking offices. Conduct systematic, comprehensive dynamic strategic assessments to determine likely paths of conflict in space in all defense planning scenarios and other scenarios of interest.

       Related Products Tool

       Tool

       Defensive Space Analysis Tool (DSPAT): Version 2.0 Jan 5, 2018

       Table of Contents Chapter One

       Introduction

       Chapter Two

       Policy Guidance

       Chapter Three

       Explaining the Methodology

       Chapter Four

       Types of Analysis

       Chapter Five

       Interpreting the Outcomes of Game-Theoretic Analyses

       Chapter Six

       Observations, Applications, and Recommendations

       Appendix

       Modeling the Assessment

       Research conducted by RAND Project AIR FORCE

       The research reported here was sponsored by the executive director of the Space and Missile Systems Center, and was conducted within the Force Modernization and Employment Program of RAND Project AIR FORCE.

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