Research Questions How might phased interventions aid in terrorism prevention? What are some evidence-based intervention initiatives that DoD might implement to counter extremism in its ranks?

       To support the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)'s efforts to counter extremism in its ranks, the authors considered how a terrorism prevention or countering violent extremism framework might address the issue. They offer intervention initiatives that DoD might consider adopting. They also review the terrorism prevention framework as it has been applied in the U.S. civilian sector and focus on initiatives that might be relevant and adaptable to the military context.

       This review highlights broader evidence for such initiatives, places the initiatives in the context of the radicalization process and in the context of other such initiatives, and offers at least a cursory review of the evidence base for interventions.

       Key Findings Phased interventions can aid in terrorism prevention Early phase interventions, such as online messaging, community education and community resilience, and risk reduction, can be directed at a vulnerable population or one that is in the early phases of radicalization. Middle phase interventions seek to influence those who are already radicalized and possibly becoming violent, and examples are referral promotion, law enforcement training, and intervention programming. Late phase interventions seek to redirect individuals who are in the midst of planning violent activities or have already done so, and examples include prison-based mental health care and support services. There are specific programs that could be applied to the U.S. military context Generalized or inoculation warnings, media literacy education, outreach using online ads, education programming, community resilience exercises, monitoring of military personnel attitudes toward DoD extremism policies, off-ramping interventions, and military law enforcement training are examples of programs that DoD should consider implementing.

       Recommendations Consider adoption of identified terrorism prevention programs. Continue with the intention of assessing the overall prevalence of extremism in the military. Seek to understand how extremism manifests itself in the military. Seek to understand the in-unit dynamics related to extremism. Conduct a stream of research that can inform the creation of terrorism prevention interventions and assess their impact.

       Research conducted by RAND National Security Research Division

       This research was sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense and conducted within the International Security and Defense Policy Center of the RAND National Security Research Division (NSRD).

       This report is part of the RAND Corporation Research report series. RAND reports present research findings and objective analysis that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity.

       Permission is given to duplicate this electronic document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit the RAND Permissions page.

       The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.