Despite having been vaccinated against COVID-19, Colin Powell remained vulnerable to the coronavirus because of his advanced age and his history of cancer — facts that highlight the continued risk faced by many Americans until more of the population is immunized.

       Powell, a four-star general who became the first Black secretary of State and chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, died Monday from complications of COVID-19. Powell, 84, had been treated over the last few years for multiple myeloma, a blood cancer that impairs the body’s ability to fight infections and to respond well to vaccines.

       The COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective at reducing the risk of hospitalization and death, and people who are unvaccinated are about 11 times more likely to die from the coronavirus. But the vaccines are not perfect, and experts stress that widespread vaccination is critical to give an added layer of protection to those who are most vulnerable.

       “The more people that are vaccinated, the less we have viral spreading in the community, the less chances of people like him getting infected to begin with,” said Dr. Mangala Narasimhan, chief of critical care at Northwell Health in New York.

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       Moreover, people with weakened immune systems because of illnesses like cancer — or cancer treatments — don’t always get the same level of protection from vaccinations as healthier people. Several studies have found as few as 45% of people with multiple myeloma may develop protective levels of coronavirus-fighting antibodies after getting the vaccine.

       Age also is a risk, especially months after someone is first vaccinated. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has tracked dips in protection, especially among older Americans who were among the first people vaccinated last winter. The reduced protection is the result of either waning immunity or the extra-contagious Delta variant.

       Obituaries

       Colin Powell, America’s first Black secretary of State, dies at 84

       Colin Powell, the first Black secretary of State and chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, dies of COVID-19 complications after bout with blood cancer.

       Dr. Ed Lifshitz, medical director of the Communicable Disease Service at New Jersey’s Health Department, took issue with those who might point to Powell’s death to argue against getting vaccinated.

       “My answer is really just the opposite,” he said. “The way that you help those who are most vulnerable is by not letting the virus get to them in the first place, and the best way to do that is to go out there and get vaccinated.”

       The U.S. government has authorized an extra dose of the Pfizer or Moderna vaccines for people with weakened immune systems to try to improve their response.

       And last month, U.S. health authorities urged booster doses of the Pfizer vaccine for everyone 65 and older once they are at least six months past their initial vaccination, along with other people at high risk. Boosters also are being considered for recipients of the Moderna and Johnson & Johnson vaccines.

       It was not clear if Powell had received an extra dose.